Question
I read in text books that Unix/Linux doesn’t allow hard links to directories but does allow soft links. Is it because, when we have cycles and if we create hard links, and after some time we delete the original file, it will point to some garbage value?
If cycles were the sole reason behind not allowing hard links, then why are soft links to directories allowed?
Answer by Chris Down
This is just a bad idea, as there is no way to tell the difference between a hard link and an original name.
Allowing hard links to directories would break the directed acyclic graph structure of the filesystem, possibly creating directory loops and dangling directory subtrees, which would make fsck and any other file tree walkers error prone.
First, to understand this, let’s talk about inodes. The data in the filesystem is held in blocks on the disk, and those blocks are collected together by an inode. You can think of the inode as THE file. Inodes lack filenames, though. That’s where links come in.
A link is just a pointer to an inode. A directory is an inode that holds links. Each filename in a directory is just a link to an inode. Opening a file in Unix also creates a link, but it’s a different type of link (it’s not a named link).
A hard link is just an extra directory entry pointing to that inode. When you ls -l, the number after the permissions is the named link count. Most regular files will have one link. Creating a new hard link to a file will make both filenames point to the same inode. Note:
1 | % ls -l test |
Now, you can clearly see that there is no such thing as a hard link. A hard link is the same as a regular name. In the above example, test or test2, which is the original file and which is the hard link? By the end, you can’t really tell (even by timestamps) because both names point to the same contents, the same inode:
1 | % ls -li test* |
The -i flag to ls shows you inode numbers in the beginning of the line. Note how test and test2 have the same inode number, but test3 has a different one.
Now, if you were allowed to do this for directories, two different directories in different points in the filesystem could point to the same thing. In fact, a subdir could point back to its grandparent, creating a loop.
Why is this loop a concern? Because when you are traversing, there is no way to detect you are looping (without keeping track of inode numbers as you traverse). Imagine you are writing the du command, which needs to recurse through subdirs to find out about disk usage. How would du know when it hit a loop? It is error prone and a lot of bookkeeping that du would have to do, just to pull off this simple task.
Symlinks are a whole different beast, in that they are a special type of “file” that many file filesystem APIs tend to automatically follow. Note, a symlink can point to a nonexistent destination, because they point by name, and not directly to an inode. That concept doesn’t make sense with hard links, because the mere existence of a “hard link” means the file exists.
So why can du deal with symlinks easily and not hard links? We were able to see above that hard links are indistinguishable from normal directory entries. Symlinks, however, are special, detectable, and skippable! du notices that the symlink is a symlink, and skips it completely!
1 | % ls -l |
Article link: http://xnerv.wang/why-are-hard-links-to-directories-not-allowed-in-unix-linux/
Reprinted from: (StackOverflow) Why are hard links to directories not allowed in UNIX/Linux?