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MySQL 5.6中Binlog Group Commit实现(转载)

背景

在MySQL 5.1中,如果配置项sync_binlog=1,并且innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit=1,那么MySQL的TPS将会下降到几十每秒,完全不可接受。这是因为InnoDB提交事务时,不仅需要将REDO刷盘,还需要将Binlog刷盘,每个事务都需要2次sync操作。机械磁盘的IOPS也就为几百的水平,所以InnoDB的性能极差。

这个问题,在MySQL 5.6中得到了比较好的解决。在了解Binlog Group Commit之前,需要先了解MySQL Binlog和InnoDB的两阶段提交。MySQL为了保证主库和从库的数据一致性,就必须保证Binlog和InnoDB的一致性,即如果一个事务写入了Binlog,InnoDB中就必须提交该事务;相反,如果一个事务没有写入Binlog,InnoDB就不能提交该事务。做法是:

InnoDB先执行Prepare,将Redo日志写磁盘。然后再将Binlog写磁盘,最后InnoDB再执行Commit,将事务标记为提交。这样,可以保证Binlog和InnoDB的一致性。具体原因,可以分三种情况考虑:

情况1: 如果MySQL在InnoDB Prepare阶段Crash。MySQL在启动时做崩溃恢复,InnoDB会回滚这些事务,同时由于事务也没有写到binlog,InnoDB和Binlog一致。

情况2: 如果MySQL在Binlog写磁盘阶段Crash。MySQL在启动时做崩溃恢复,在恢复时会扫描未成功提交的事务,和当时未成功关闭的binlog文件,如果事务已经Prepare了,并且也已经在Binlog中了,InnoDB会提交该事务;相反,如果事务已经在Prepare中了,但是不在Binlog中,InnoDB会回滚该事务。结果就是InnoDB和Binlog一致。

情况3: 如果MySQL在InnoDB执行Commit阶段Crash,和情况2类似,由于事务已经成功Prepare,并且存在Binlog文件中,InnoDB在崩溃恢复时,仍然会提交该事务,确保Binlog和InnoDB一致。

MySQL在实现时,将mysql_bin_log作为2阶段提交的协调者,可以参考MySQL的代码:sql/handler.cc:ha_commit_trans。内部分别调用tc_log->prepare()和tc_log->commit()实现2阶段提交,这里的tc_log就是MySQL源码中的全局对象mysql_bin_log。

伪代码如下:

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ha_commit_trans()
--> tc_log->prepare()
--> ha_prepare_low()
for () {
ht->prepare() //存储引擎 hton->prepare()
}
--> tc_log->commit()
--> MYSQL_BINLOG::ordered_commit()//做Group Commit
--> MYSQL_BINLOG::process_commit_stage_queue() //Group Commit的Commit阶段,会调用InnoDB提交
--> ha_commit_low()
for () {
ht->commit(); //存储引擎 hton->commit()
}

两阶段提交的参与者分别为:binlog_hton和innobase_hton,它们实现了MySQL的存储引擎接口。如果你再深入调研一下,就会发现binlog_hton在2阶段提交时,啥也没干。所有binlog操作都是由协调者mysql_bin_log干的,包括Group Commit,也都是在mysql_bin_log中实现的。下面我们就来分析一下,mysql_bin_log是如何做到Group Commit的,也就是上面的函数ordered_commit()。

实现

和Level DB的Group Commit类似,MySQL的Group Commit也是维护了一个队列,第一个进入队列的线程就是Leader,负责写binlog。其他的线程是Flower,Flower不需要操作,只需要等待完成的通知即可。但是如果只用一个队列的话,在Group Commit进行中的时候,后来的线程就得等待,还可以进一步优化,MySQL把这个过程分裂成了3个阶段:FLUSH_STAGE,SYNC_STAGE和COMMIT_STAGE。它们像流水线一样工作,每个阶段都会涉及一批事务,它们组成一个Group。可以这样理解,事务刚提交时,处于FLUSH阶段,同时处于FLUSH阶段的事务为一个队列,形成一个Group,只有队列的头,Leader在干活,FLUSH完成以后,Leader进入SYNC阶段(所有的Flower也都进入SYNC阶段)。这时,新提交的事务可以进入FLUSH阶段,它们又会产生一个新的Leader,如此不断的推进。每个阶段都需要一个队列,所以MySQL在Group Commit时,需要3个队列。如下图所示,队列通过thd->next_to_commit连接:

MySQL把队列命名为Mutex_queue,这是一个C++的类,定义如下:

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class Mutex_queue {
THD *m_first; //队列的头指针
THD **m_last; //队列尾指针的地址。如果队列为空,相当于&m_first,否则,相当于&last->next_to_commit
mysql_mutex_t m_lock;
};

在Group Commit时,事务的状态首先转为FLUSH_STAGE,然后为SYNC_STAGE,最后为COMMIT_STAGE。在状态转变时,都会调用如下函数Stage_manager::enroll_for:

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bool Stage_manager::enroll_for(StageID stage, THD *thd, mysql_mutex_t *stage_mutex) {

// 只有队列的第一个元素为Leader,其他情况均为false
bool leader= m_queue[stage].append(thd);

// The stage mutex can be NULL if we are enrolling for the first stage.
if (stage_mutex)
mysql_mutex_unlock(stage_mutex);

/**
* 如果不是Leader的话,只需等待Leader完成操作的通知
* Leader完成以后,会设置thd->transaction.flags.pending = false
*/
if (!leader) {
mysql_mutex_lock(&m_lock_done);

while (thd->transaction.flags.pending)
mysql_cond_wait(&m_cond_done, &m_lock_done);

mysql_mutex_unlock(&m_lock_done);
}

return leader;
}

从上面的代码可以看出,Flower线程什么也不干,所有的事情都要靠Leader去做。上述代码有一个细节需要注意,先把自己添加到队列中,然后再释放锁stage_mutex,这个在后面会有解释。下面逐个分析一下,在每个阶段Leader线程所做的事情。

FLUSH阶段

因为InnoDB在事务执行过程中,要保证事务的原子性。对于INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE操作,会先将Binlog写事务日志(binlog_cache_mngr),事务提交时,也就是在FLUSH阶段,再把事务日志复制到binlog文件中,然后通知Dump线程去发送binlog,由于要写Binlog文件,这个过程需要锁定LOCK_log锁。这也就是FLUSH阶段要做的事情,可参考函数:MYSQL_BIN_LOG::process_flush_stage_queue。

在这个阶段,Leader线程遍历遍历FLUSH_STAGE链表,依次取出thd对应的事务日志,并写到binlog的IOCACHE中,然后flush IOCACHE。代码如下:

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int MYSQL_BIN_LOG::ordered_commit(THD *thd, bool all, bool skip_commit)
{
//...

/*
Stage #1: flushing transactions to binary log

While flushing, we allow new threads to enter and will process
them in due time. Once the queue was empty, we cannot reap
anything more since it is possible that a thread entered and
appointed itself leader for the flush phase.
*/
if (change_stage(thd, Stage_manager::FLUSH_STAGE, thd, NULL, &LOCK_log))
{
DBUG_PRINT("return", ("Thread ID: %lu, commit_error: %d",
thd->thread_id, thd->commit_error));
DBUG_RETURN(finish_commit(thd));
}

THD *wait_queue= NULL;
flush_error= process_flush_stage_queue(&total_bytes, &do_rotate, &wait_queue);

my_off_t flush_end_pos= 0;
if (flush_error == 0 && total_bytes > 0)
flush_error= flush_cache_to_file(&flush_end_pos);

/*
If the flush finished successfully, we can call the after_flush
hook. Being invoked here, we have the guarantee that the hook is
executed before the before/after_send_hooks on the dump thread
preventing race conditions among these plug-ins.
*/
if (flush_error == 0)
{
const char *file_name_ptr= log_file_name + dirname_length(log_file_name);
DBUG_ASSERT(flush_end_pos != 0);
if (RUN_HOOK(binlog_storage, after_flush,
(thd, file_name_ptr, flush_end_pos)))
{
sql_print_error("Failed to run 'after_flush' hooks");
flush_error= ER_ERROR_ON_WRITE;
}

signal_update();
DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("crash_commit_after_log", DBUG_SUICIDE(););
}
}

在这个过程中有一个问题需要考虑,就是:一方面,Leader线程从链表中取出thd,将日志写binlog IOCACHE,另一方面,新提交的事务仍然会往FLUSH_STAGE链表中添加thd。如果MySQL的并发事务比较多,Leader线程写binlog的速度,小于新事务的提交速度,可能会造成事务停留在FLUSH阶段的时间过长。所以MySQL通过配置项binlog_max_flush_queue_time来控制这个时间,如果Leader线程在取THD时,发现超时了,Leader线程就将队列整个端走,再做处理。这样,当前已经处于FLUSH阶段的事务还用现在的Leader,而新提交的事务,会用新的Leader。因为LOCK_log锁的存在,所有新的Leader只能等当前的FLUSH执行完成才能开始执行。具体代码如下:

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int MYSQL_BIN_LOG::process_flush_stage_queue(my_off_t *total_bytes_var,
bool *rotate_var,
THD **out_queue_var)
bool has_more= true;
THD *first_seen= NULL;
while ((max_udelay == 0 || my_micro_time() < start_utime + max_udelay) && has_more)
{
std::pair<bool,THD*> current= stage_manager.pop_front(Stage_manager::FLUSH_STAGE);
std::pair<int,my_off_t> result= flush_thread_caches(current.second);
has_more= current.first;
total_bytes+= result.second;
if (flush_error == 1)
flush_error= result.first;
if (first_seen == NULL)
first_seen= current.second;
}
/*
Either the queue is empty, or we ran out of time. If we ran out of
time, we have to fetch the entire queue (and flush it) since
otherwise the next batch will not have a leader.
*/
if (has_more)
{
THD *queue= stage_manager.fetch_queue_for(Stage_manager::FLUSH_STAGE);
for (THD *head= queue ; head ; head = head->next_to_commit)
{
std::pair<int,my_off_t> result= flush_thread_caches(head);
total_bytes+= result.second;
if (flush_error == 1)
flush_error= result.first;
}
if (first_seen == NULL)
first_seen= queue;
}
}

写完binlog IOCACHE后,还要将IOCACHE写文件,最后通知Dump线程读取binlog,FLUSH阶段完成。

SYNC阶段

SYNC阶段的任务比较简单,但是却非常耗时,就是将binlog文件sync到磁盘。这个操作由配置项sync_binlog = N 来控制每隔N个binlog只sync一次。如果sync_binlog=1的话,MySQL在SYNC阶段不释放锁LOCK_log,而Dump线程为了读取binlog,必须先申请锁LOCK_log,所以可以保证主库先将binlog sync到磁盘,然后Dump线程才能读取Binlog,确保即使在主库操作系统Crash情况下,仍然保证主库和从库数据一致。其他情况会释放LOCK_log锁,这时Dump线程可以读取并发送binlog,同时新提交的事务也可以进入FLUSH阶段。所以SYNC阶段需要考虑有多个FLUSH阶段的Leader同时进入SYNC阶段的情况。MySQL将这些Leader合并为一个新的Leader,做法是:FLUSH阶段的Leader线程进入SYNC阶段前,需要将自己加入到SYNC_STAGE队列中,第一个进入SYNC_STAGE队列的线程为SYNC阶段的Leader,后进入的为Flower。由Leader完成后续操作,Flower线程只需等待通知即可。回忆前面的函数enroll_for(),在状态转变时,Leader先把自己添加到SYNC队列中,然后才释放锁stage_mutex,这里就是LOCK_log,其他事务才可以进入FLUSH阶段,这可以保证,第一个进入FLUSH阶段的Leader,在SYNC阶段仍然是Leader,同样,在COMMIT阶段还是Leader。这对于保证Binlog和InnoDB提交顺序一致非常重要。

SYNC阶段的代码如下:

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int MYSQL_BIN_LOG::ordered_commit(THD *thd, bool all, bool skip_commit)
{

// ...

/*
Stage #2: Syncing binary log file to disk
*/
bool need_LOCK_log= (get_sync_period() == 1); //只有sync_binlog=1,才不释放LOCK_log锁

/*
LOCK_log is not released when sync_binlog is 1. It guarantees that the
events are not be replicated by dump threads before they are synced to disk.
*/
//不管怎样,都要申请锁LOCK_sync
if (change_stage(thd, Stage_manager::SYNC_STAGE, wait_queue,
need_LOCK_log ? NULL : &LOCK_log, &LOCK_sync))
{
DBUG_PRINT("return", ("Thread ID: %lu, commit_error: %d",
thd->thread_id, thd->commit_error));
DBUG_RETURN(finish_commit(thd));
}
THD *final_queue= stage_manager.fetch_queue_for(Stage_manager::SYNC_STAGE);
if (flush_error == 0 && total_bytes > 0)
{
DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "before_sync_binlog_file");
std::pair<bool, bool> result= sync_binlog_file(false);
flush_error= result.first;
}

if (need_LOCK_log)
mysql_mutex_unlock(&LOCK_log);

//...
}

COMMIT阶段

经过前面2个阶段,Binlog已经顺利sync到磁盘了,COMMIT阶段的任务就是让InnoDB存储引擎完成Commit。COMMIT阶段的逻辑通过MySQL的配置项binlog_order_commits控制。如果配置项为1,MySQL要保证InnoDB的提交顺序和Binlog的写入顺序一致,这个特性在InnoDB热备中使用。下面只分析binlog_order_commits=1的情况。

MySQL释放锁LOCK_sync,申请锁LOCK_commit。由于释放锁LOCK_sync,所以需要考虑多个线程同时完成SYNC阶段的情况,处理逻辑和SYNC阶段类似,将当前SYNC阶段的Leader合并,关于Leader的产生和SYNC阶段类似。Leader产生以后,遍历THD,完成事务提交,等所有事务都提交完成以后,再遍历thd,设置thd->transaction.flags.pending=false,最后广播通知Flower线程提交完成,自此,Group Commit完成。

代码如下:

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int MYSQL_BIN_LOG::ordered_commit(THD *thd, bool all, bool skip_commit)
{
//...

/*
Stage #3: Commit all transactions in order.

This stage is skipped if we do not need to order the commits and
each thread have to execute the handlerton commit instead.

Howver, since we are keeping the lock from the previous stage, we
need to unlock it if we skip the stage.
*/
if (opt_binlog_order_commits)
{
if (change_stage(thd, Stage_manager::COMMIT_STAGE,
final_queue, &LOCK_sync, &LOCK_commit))
{
DBUG_PRINT("return", ("Thread ID: %lu, commit_error: %d",
thd->thread_id, thd->commit_error));
DBUG_RETURN(finish_commit(thd));
}
THD *commit_queue= stage_manager.fetch_queue_for(Stage_manager::COMMIT_STAGE);
DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("semi_sync_3-way_deadlock",
DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "before_process_commit_stage_queue"););
process_commit_stage_queue(thd, commit_queue);
mysql_mutex_unlock(&LOCK_commit);
/*
Process after_commit after LOCK_commit is released for avoiding
3-way deadlock among user thread, rotate thread and dump thread.
*/
process_after_commit_stage_queue(thd, commit_queue);
final_queue= commit_queue;
}
else
mysql_mutex_unlock(&LOCK_sync);

/* Commit done so signal all waiting threads */
stage_manager.signal_done(final_queue);

//...
}

Leader产生以后,Leader线程通过next_to_commit遍历thd,对每个thd完成事务提交ha_commit_low(),代码如下:

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void
MYSQL_BIN_LOG::process_commit_stage_queue(THD *thd, THD *first)
{
for (THD *head= first ; head ; head = head->next_to_commit)
{
if (head->commit_error == THD::CE_NONE)
{
excursion.try_to_attach_to(head);
bool all= head->transaction.flags.real_commit;
if (head->transaction.flags.commit_low)
{
/* head is parked to have exited append() */
DBUG_ASSERT(head->transaction.flags.ready_preempt);
/*
storage engine commit
*/
if (ha_commit_low(head, all, false))
head->commit_error= THD::CE_COMMIT_ERROR;
}

}
/*
Decrement the prepared XID counter after storage engine commit.
We also need decrement the prepared XID when encountering a
flush error or session attach error for avoiding 3-way deadlock
among user thread, rotate thread and dump thread.
*/
if (head->transaction.flags.xid_written)
dec_prep_xids(head);
}
}

class Stage_manager {
public:
//遍历THD,标记提交完成,并广播通知
void signal_done(THD *queue) {
mysql_mutex_lock(&m_lock_done);
for (THD *thd= queue ; thd ; thd = thd->next_to_commit)
thd->transaction.flags.pending= false;
mysql_mutex_unlock(&m_lock_done);
mysql_cond_broadcast(&m_cond_done);
}
}

本文地址:http://xnerv.wang/implement-of-binlog-group-commit-in-mysql56/
转载自:MySQL 5.6中Binlog Group Commit实现